{"id":2832,"date":"2017-05-31T10:45:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-31T08:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/?p=2832"},"modified":"2022-03-31T10:53:28","modified_gmt":"2022-03-31T08:53:28","slug":"funcio-del-cos-callos-implicacions-optometriques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/ca\/funcio-del-cos-callos-implicacions-optometriques\/","title":{"rendered":"FUNCI\u00d3 DEL COS CALL\u00d3S: IMPLICACIONS OPTOM\u00c8TRIQUES"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>El cos call\u00f3s \u00e9s l\u2019estructura del cervell que connecta els hemisferis dret i esquerra. Cont\u00e9 nombroses projeccions inter-hemisf\u00e8riques i es considerat l\u2019estructura de mat\u00e8ria blanca m\u00e9s llarga del cervell.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.acotv.org\/images\/1452883187392519.gif\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Imatge procedent de: <a href=\"https:\/\/motherboard.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/brain-mapping----on-acid\">https:\/\/motherboard.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/brain-mapping&#8212;-on-acid<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\"><strong>1.COS CALL\u00d3S<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funcionalment el cos call\u00f3s cont\u00e9 aproximadament 200 milions de fibres que connecten (fan de pont) entre els 2 hemisferis cerebrals, on es van mielinitzant fins la pubertat, \u00e9s a dir, \u00e9s una estructura que es va formant depenent de les experi\u00e8ncies sensorials. Si mirem la&nbsp;<strong>FIGURA 1<\/strong>, tenim una secci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s, on es pot observar que la densitat axonal varia en tota l\u2019estructura. La part anterior cont\u00e9 la part amb m\u00e9s densitat, i connecta les \u00e0rees pre-frontals del c\u00f2rtex. Hi ha un punt d\u2019inflexi\u00f3 de densitat a l&#8217;esplenium, que torna a augmentar, justament connecta amb les \u00e0rees visuals en el l\u00f2bul occipital. Cada fibra de l&#8217;hemisferi esquerra connecta amb l\u2019hom\u00f2leg de l&#8217;hemisferi dret, passant pel cos call\u00f3s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/imatge2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/imatge2-1.png 431w, https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/imatge2-1-300x136.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><figcaption><strong>FIGURA &nbsp;1<\/strong>. Tall sagital del cos call\u00f3s. Podem observar que depenent de les projeccions corticals, la densitat neuronal varia en tota l\u2019estructura. Les fibres visuals representen la lletra \u201cV\u201d. Adaptat de Aboiz &amp; Montiel, 2003.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Per tant, aquesta estructura s\u2019encarrega de comunicar els 2 hemisferis per a que treballin conjuntament, sent de vital import\u00e0ncia ja qu\u00e8 cada hemisferi s\u2019encarrega de processar diferent. Per exemple, la part dreta t\u00e9 la funci\u00f3 de la creativitat (pintar, art\u00edstic, music, imaginaci\u00f3&#8230;) i la part esquerra \u00e9s la funci\u00f3 l\u00f2gica o conceptes d\u2019aprenentatge (lectura, escriptura, llenguatge, pensament visual&#8230;.). Si una part de l\u2019hemisferi no est\u00e0 ben comunicada amb l\u2019altra el processament cognitiu i les estructures visuals es veuran afectades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\">&nbsp;<strong>2.VISI\u00d3 BINOCULAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La estereopsis \u00e9s el mecanisme per veure en profunditat i jutjar les dist\u00e0ncies. Encara que l\u2019estereopsis i el cos call\u00f3s no estiguin estretament relacionats, una part minorit\u00e0ria del cos call\u00f3s est\u00e0 involucrat en l\u2019estereopsis. Ja qu\u00e8 tenim una decussaci\u00f3 de fibres al quiasma \u00f2ptic, aproximadament la meitat de les fibres retinianes es creuen, per tant, cada hemisferi rep un \u201cinput\u201d visual del camp visual oposat. Aix\u00ed, per crear el proc\u00e9s d\u2019estereopsis s\u2019han d\u2019unir correctament i no perdre cap informaci\u00f3 (rebuda per la connexi\u00f3 entre els dos hemisferis a trav\u00e9s del cos call\u00f3s). Ara b\u00e9, tot i que alguns estudis indiquen que la relaci\u00f3 entre cos call\u00f3s i estereopsis \u00e9s molt baixa o nul\u00b7la (Lepore et al, 1986), experiments recents han establert una relaci\u00f3 directa entre baixa estereopsis i un volum baix en l\u2019esplenium del cos call\u00f3s (Kwinta et al, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\"><strong>3.MOVIMENTS OCULARS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El cos call\u00f3s est\u00e0 \u00edntimament relacionat amb la qualitat dels moviments oculars. La coordinaci\u00f3 dels moviments oculars (sac\u00e0dics, seguiments) dep\u00e8n de molts processos neurol\u00f2gics que han d\u2019estar en plena comunicaci\u00f3 per treballar adequadament. Per exemple les \u00e0rees pre-frontals i parietals, encarregades de la programaci\u00f3 motora i atenci\u00f3 visuoespacial respectivament,&nbsp; han d\u2019activar-se i treballar alhora en els 2 hemisferis per realitzar un bon sac\u00e0dic o seguiment visual. Per tant, si l\u2019estructura encarregada de comunicar aquestes \u00e0rees no es troben ben comunicades podr\u00edem tenir un problema d\u2019efic\u00e0cia dels moviments oculars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\"><strong>4.PERCEPCI\u00d3 VISUAL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probablement les investigacions que han relacionat m\u00e9s la funci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s amb el sistema visual \u00e9s sobre la percepci\u00f3 i l\u2019atenci\u00f3 visual. Un estudi recent mostra una relaci\u00f3 directa entre un baix rendiment del test DTVP-3 (Test de Percepci\u00f3 Visual) i un volum baix en el cos call\u00f3s (Kwinta et al, 2015), suggerint que la comunicaci\u00f3 inter-hemisf\u00e8rica \u00e9s important per a la integraci\u00f3 visual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/imatge3-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2836\"\/><figcaption><strong>FIGURA 2.<\/strong>&nbsp; Gr\u00e0fic on es mostra la correlaci\u00f3 entre l\u2019\u00e0rea del cos call\u00f3s i els resultats amb el DTVP-3, Test de Frostig.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Altres estudis mostren una relaci\u00f3 entre volum del cos call\u00f3s i funcions executives com l\u2019atenci\u00f3 visual o mem\u00f2ria de treball&nbsp; (Monge et al, 2016; Rashid et al, 2017). Un altre estudi va observar una relaci\u00f3 directa entre una baixa comunicaci\u00f3 hemisf\u00e8rica i el control de l\u2019atenci\u00f3, contribuint als s\u00edmptomes d\u2019hiperactivitat i\/o impulsivitat (Luders et al, 2016). S\u2019ha de tenir en compte que la funci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s no interv\u00e9 totalment en l\u2019atenci\u00f3 visual, \u00e9s probable que rebi informaci\u00f3 compensat\u00f2ria d\u2019altres vies (Menegaux et al, 2017), per\u00f2 no hi ha dubte que un volum baix de cos call\u00f3s pot afectar a l\u2019atenci\u00f3 visual. A m\u00e9s, l\u2019abs\u00e8ncia d\u2019una correcta maduraci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s afecta al funcionament de les funcions hemisf\u00e8riques, sobretot en les \u00e0rees frontals, parietals i occipitals, relacionades directament amb el processament visual. Tot i que la majoria d\u2019estudis que relacionen una disfunci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s amb la percepci\u00f3 i atenci\u00f3 visual s\u00f3n patologies o directament recessions, si que ens d\u00f3na una idea de les possibles causes que pot provocar una poca integraci\u00f3 hemisf\u00e8rica en el sistema visual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\"><strong>5.QUINES ACTIVITATS ESTIMULEN EL COS CALL\u00d3S?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Totes les activitats que involucrin una activaci\u00f3 dels dos hemisferis faran treballar el cos call\u00f3s. Perqu\u00e8 un exercici continuat que involucri els 2 hemisferis potenciar\u00e0 les connexions en el cos call\u00f3s? Doncs segons una llei b\u00e0sica en neurologia,&nbsp; a trav\u00e9s d\u2019una activaci\u00f3 repetida dels impulsos neuronals es desencadena la facilitaci\u00f3 sin\u00e0ptica i posteriorment la potenciaci\u00f3 sin\u00e0ptica, generant m\u00e9s connexions neurol\u00f2giques (Sinapsis de Hebb). A nivell corporal, la l\u00ednia mitja representa la divisi\u00f3 entre els 2 hemisferis, per tant, totes les activitats que involucrin una coordinaci\u00f3 simult\u00e0nia i r\u00edtmica del cos (moviments contra-laterals) activaran el cos call\u00f3s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"228\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/imatge4-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2839\"\/><figcaption><strong>FIGURA 3.<\/strong>&nbsp;La l\u00ednia imagin\u00e0ria representa la meitat sim\u00e8trica del cos, qualsevol moviment que creui contra-lateralment implica l\u2019activaci\u00f3 dels 2 hemisferis.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nivell visual, els moviments oculars que creuin la l\u00ednia mitja es considera que intervindr\u00e0 el cos call\u00f3s per a la seva execuci\u00f3. Un exercici que a m\u00e9s treballa la coordinaci\u00f3 ull-m\u00e0 i seguiments oculars \u00e9s dibuixar el signe d\u2019infinit (m\u00e0 dominant o amb 2 mans) de manera que es creui la l\u00ednia mitja mentre es va realitzant l\u2019exercici&nbsp;<strong>(FIGURA 4)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"579\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Imarge7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Imarge7.png 579w, https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Imarge7-300x132.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><figcaption><strong>FIGURA 4.<\/strong>&nbsp;El moviment contra-lateral, tant a nivell visual com motor fa que s\u2019activin els 2 hemisferis, obligant a treballar el cos call\u00f3s.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La imatge de l\u2019esquerra (<strong>FIGURA 4<\/strong>) ens mostra un esquema simplificat de l\u2019exercici en quan a l\u2019activaci\u00f3 del cos call\u00f3s. La imatge de la dreta mostra les rutes visuals i motores que involucra l\u2019exercici detalladament. El color de les mans representa l\u2019hemisferi que controla la m\u00e0 dreta i l&#8217;esquerra, a nivell visual al creuar la l\u00ednia mitja tenim una decussaci\u00f3 de la informaci\u00f3 que posteriorment s\u2019haur\u00e0 d\u2019unir en el c\u00f2rtex visual. En el mateix exercici tenim 3 entrades d\u2019informaci\u00f3 que treballar\u00e0 el cos call\u00f3s: visual, motor (ull-m\u00e0) i motor visual (seguiments).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#008ad0\"><strong>BIBLIOGRAFIA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aboitiz, F., &amp; Montiel, J. (2003). One hundred million years of interhemispheric communication: the history of the corpus callosum.&nbsp;Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,&nbsp;36&nbsp;(4), 409-420.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bocci, T., Pietrasanta, M., Cerri, C., Restani, L., Caleo, M., &amp; Sartucci, F. (2014). Visual callosal connections: role in visual processing in health and disease.&nbsp;Reviews in the Neurosciences,&nbsp;25(1), 113-127.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hinkley, L. B., Marco, E. J., Findlay, A. M., Honma, S., Jeremy, R. J., Strominger, Z., &#8230; &amp; Barkovich, A. J. (2012). The role of corpus callosum development in functional connectivity and cognitive processing.&nbsp;PLoS One,&nbsp;7(8), e39804.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kwinta, P., Herman-Sucharska, I., Le\u015bniak, A., Klimek, M., Karcz, P., Durlak, W., &#8230; &amp; Pietrzyk, J. J. (2015). Relationship between stereoscopic vision, visual perception, and microstructure changes of corpus callosum and occipital white matter in the 4-year-old very low birth weight children.&nbsp;BioMed research international,&nbsp;2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lepore, F., Ptito, M., &amp; Lassonde, M. (1986). Stereoperception in cats following section of the corpus callosum and\/or the optic chiasma.&nbsp;Experimental Brain Research,&nbsp;61(2), 258-264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Luders, E., Kurth, F., Das, D., Oyarce, D. E., Shaw, M. E., Sachdev, P., &#8230; &amp; Cherbuin, N. (2016). Associations between corpus callosum size and ADHD symptoms in older adults: The PATH through life study.&nbsp;Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,&nbsp;256, 8-14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Menegaux, A., Meng, C., Neitzel, J., B\u00e4uml, J. G., M\u00fcller, H. J., Bartmann, P., &#8230; &amp; Sorg, C. (2017). Impaired visual short-term memory capacity is distinctively associated with structural connectivity of the posterior thalamic radiation and the splenium of the corpus callosum in preterm-born adults.&nbsp;NeuroImage,&nbsp;150, 68-76.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Monge, Z. A., Greenwood, P. M., Parasuraman, R., &amp; Strenziok, M. (2016). Individual differences in reasoning and visuospatial attention are associated with prefrontal and parietal white matter tracts in healthy older adults.&nbsp;Neuropsychology,&nbsp;30(5), 558.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rashid, A., Ram, A. N., Kates, W. R., Redmond, K. J., Wharam, M., Mahone, E. M., &#8230; &amp; Terezakis, S. (2013). A prospective study of corpus callosum regional volumes and neurocognitive outcomes following cranial radiation for pediatric brain tumors.&nbsp;Child&#8217;s Nervous System, 1-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article escrit per:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Marc Argil\u00e9s Sans<\/strong><br>Diplomat en \u00d2ptica i Optometria<br>M\u00e0ster en Optometria i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Visi\u00f3<br>N\u00ba col.20.001<br>Membre de l&#8217;ACOTV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Montse Ru\u00edz Ru\u00edz<\/strong><br>Diplomada en \u00d2ptica i Optometria<br>Curs d\u2019alta especialitzaci\u00f3 en Optometria Comportamental i Ter\u00e0pia Visual<br>N\u00bacol.17.729<br>Membre de l&#8217;ACOTV<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El cos call\u00f3s \u00e9s l\u2019estructura del cervell que connecta els hemisferis dret i esquerra. Cont\u00e9 nombroses projeccions inter-hemisf\u00e8riques i es [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2848,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_front_end_style_editor":"no","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,9],"tags":[66,72],"class_list":["post-2832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bloc","category-blog","tag-optometria-ca","tag-problemesdaprenentatge","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>FUNCI\u00d3 DEL COS CALL\u00d3S: IMPLICACIONS OPTOM\u00c8TRIQUES - Asociaci\u00f3n Catalana de Optometr\u00eda y Terapia Visual<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.acotv.org\/ca\/funcio-del-cos-callos-implicacions-optometriques\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FUNCI\u00d3 DEL COS CALL\u00d3S: IMPLICACIONS OPTOM\u00c8TRIQUES - Asociaci\u00f3n Catalana de Optometr\u00eda y Terapia Visual\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El cos call\u00f3s \u00e9s l\u2019estructura del cervell que connecta els hemisferis dret i esquerra. 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